《英语句子成分划分》

 Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sente

 Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sentence 概念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分.句子的 成分包括:主语,谓语,表语,宾语(直接和间接宾语) ,宾语补足语,定语和状语.主 语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语) ,表语,宾语和宾 语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分.其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分. ▲句子成分分类 句子成分分类 1.主语 主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的"是什么"或"是谁".一般由名词,代词,不定代词 或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象.大多数主语都在句首.如: 讲述"谁" We work in a big factory. 讲述"什么" The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough. 不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor's job. 从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 三个人就够了 ▲ 在"There be …"句型中,主语的位置在中间.如: There are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用 it 作形式主语.如: It is very interesting to play the game called "treat or trick". It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2.谓语 . 谓语时用来说明主语"做什么""是什么"或"怎么样" , ,谓语必须是动词,谓语和 主语在"人称"和"数"两方面必须一致.如: He is very generous. -1- She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job. He can speak German. 3.表语 . 表语说明主语"是什么"或"怎么样" ,由名词,形容词,介词,副词,不定式及相当 于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面. 形容词作表语 You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语 Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses. 从句作表语 That is why he didn't come to school yesterday. 4.宾语 . ▲宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,不定式,或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来 充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面.有时,会有双宾语. 如: 名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes. 代词做宾语 He often helps me. 不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air. -2- 动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China. 从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time. ▲直接宾语和间接宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语 及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语是及物动词的 对象.但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做 的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当.如: We brought them some food. 主 谓 间宾 直宾 间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加 to 或 for. 5.宾语的补足语 . 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾 语的补足语才能表达完整的意思.我们把"宾语+宾语补足语"合起来称为复合宾语.复 合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思.名词,动词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不 定式,现在分词,过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 名词作宾补 If you let me go, I'll make you king. 形容词作宾补 Don't make your hands dirty. 副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home. 省略 to 的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building. 带 to 的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down. 现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day. -3- 过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken. 在英语中,常见的"宾语+宾语补足语" 结构有: 在英语中 常见的"宾语+宾语补足语"的结构有: 常见的 ▲"宾语+名词" .常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave 等. We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor. ▲"宾语+形容词" .常见的动词有 think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want 等.如: Do you think his idea wrong? We must keep our classroom clean. We can't leave him alone. Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday? ▲"宾语+副词" .副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系.常见的 副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere 等.如: Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home. When got there, we found him out. ▲"宾语+介词短语" .介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有 主表的关系.如: We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend. He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain. ▲"宾语+不定式" .充当宾补的不定式有三种: A 要求带 to 的不定式 The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带 to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch 等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词 help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework. -4- ▲"宾语+现在分词" .现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的 主语,有着主谓关系. I saw them playing on the playground. I heard Mary singing in the classroom. ▲"宾语+过去分词" .宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成. I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. ▲ 形式宾语+形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. ▲宾语+what 从句 Call me what you like. Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today. The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago. 6.定语 . ▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式或相当于 形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语.因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作 主语,表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词,代词的地方都可以有定语.如: 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 What's your name? 名词作定语 名词作定语 They made some paper flowers. 介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One. 不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink. 从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. ▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面, -5- 故称"后置定语" . ▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置.如: We'll go to have something English. If you don't know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me? ▲介词短语作定语时要后置.如: Do you know the boy behind the tree? The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right. ▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring. to 如果 注 动词不定式作主语时, 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语. 时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的. Do you have any piece of music to listen to? ▲nearby, below, downstairs 等个别方位词作定语时要后置.如: We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below? The people downstairs are listening to a talk now? They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once. 7.状语 . 状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度 等,一般由副词,介词短语,不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当.状语一般放 在句末,但有时也可以放在句首,句中.如: He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldn't work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.

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 句子成分(Members of a Sentence)什么叫句子成分呢？句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如 boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词） 1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who │cares 管它呢？ 6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。There be 结构： There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的 there没有实际意义，不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示‘（存在）有某事物’ 试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个 there无实意，后一个 there为副词‘那里’。 1基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ 1. Who │knows │the answer 谁知道答案？ 2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me,please. Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物） 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补） 1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。22. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。5. What │makes │him │think so 他怎么会这样想？6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语一、 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修 饰 some,any,every,no 构 成 的 复 合 不 定 代 词 时 ， （ 如 ：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little 修饰名词 boy； blue 修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要 Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有 Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个 9岁的，三个 10岁的男孩。 名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是 Tom。 不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。 3二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于 be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此时 in the classroom为 girl的定语），也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此时 in the classroom 为地点状语），最好写作‘ In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\' 副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） 介词短语作状语：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语：Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语） 状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 三、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是 we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’） 四、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词 yes否定词 no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.情态词 ,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语） :perhaps也4许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。 五、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：错句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正确：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：错句中分词 studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既 your score . 显然做 study的应是人，不应是 your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为 you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出 study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了 ). 分词独立结构常省略 being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.如：Game (being) over,he went home.He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句 on his nose不可省略！） 句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分， 4分钟） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.① There is an old man coming here.② The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.③ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.④(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词（10分， 10分钟） I don't like the picture on the wall.①A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.②A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus③A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.④A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast⑤A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.⑥A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.⑦A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.⑧A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.⑨A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to⑩A. give B.did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语（10分，10分钟） My brother hasn't done his homework.① People all over the world speak English.② You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.③ How many new words did you learn last class④ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about⑤ you The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.⑥ They made him monitor of the class.⑦ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.⑧ You will find it useful after you leave school.⑨5 They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.⑩ (四) 挑出下列句中的表语（5分， 5分钟） The old man was feeling very tired.① Why is he worried about Jim② The leaves have turned yellow.③ Soon They all became interested in the subject.④ She was the first to learn about it.⑤ (五) 挑出下列句中的定语（6分，6分钟） They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.① What is your given name② On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.③ I am afraid som